Blood sugar below 70 mg/dL? 15 g of fast sugar, recheck in 15 minutes. Unconscious or can’t swallow? Call 911Below 70? The 15-15 rule
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Women with type 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of breast cancer. “Evidence suggests that women with type 2 diabetes may be at increased risk of breast cancer, possibly due to chronic exposure to insulin resistance and/or hyperinsulinemia. The
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Obesity is a major determinant of the association of C-reactive protein levels and the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes. According to research from the United States, “The inflammatory factor C-reactive protein (CRP) and the fibrinolytic variables fibrinogen and plasminogen
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Neuronal PTP1B regulates body weight, adiposity and leptin action. According to recent research from the United States, “Obesity is a major health problem and a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, acts on the hypothalamus to
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Ghrelin administration did not significantly alter glucose or insulin levels in obese women. According to recent research published in the journal Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, “Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, predominantly produced by the stomach. There are several studies that
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The hormone leptin could help keep the body from producing too much insulin, according to a study in mice with type 2 diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes often become resistant to the effects of insulin, causing to much of
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Chronic selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition enhances glucose disposal and muscle insulin action in prediabetic obese Zucker rats. “Increasing evidence supports a negative role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transport. We assessed the effects
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Sitagliptin inhibited plasma dipeptidyl peptidose-IV activity and increased glucagons-like peptide-1 in nondiabetic obese subjects. “Sitagliptin (MK-0431) is an oral, potent, and selective dipeptidyl peptidose-IV (DPP-4) inhibitor developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
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PATIENT MONITORING Frequency of followup depends on compliance and degree of metabolic control. Every two to four months is typical. Review of symptoms and home blood glucose levels Hemoglobin A1c Funduscopy Cardiopulmonary exam Foot exam for ulcers, arterial insufficiency, neuropathy
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ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS Hypertension is common (see treatment above) Hyperlipidemia Impotence AGE-RELATED FACTORS Pediatric: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children is increasing dramatically, possibly related to increases in childhood obesity Geriatric: Common in the elderly and is a
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DESCRIPTION Non-ketosis prone hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to defects in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action. Accounts for 80% of diabetic cases. System(s) affected: Endocrine/Metabolic, Nervous, Renal/Urologic, Cardiovascular Genetics: Strong polygenic familial susceptibility. Concordance is nearly complete in identical
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Type 1 diabetes mellitus Other specific types of diabetes mellitus – Genetic defects of β -cell function – Genetic defects in insulin action – Diseases of exocrine pancreas – Endocrinopathies – Drug or chemical induced (see below) –
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APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE Regular outpatient follow-up except for complicating emergencies such as severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar coma, and severe infections GENERAL MEASURES Home monitoring of blood glucose Regular examination for complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy Diabetes is a high risk factor for
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Free self-checks
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Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia can happen to anyone who takes insulin or certain diabetes tablets. Treat it straight away. If someone is confused, unconscious or can’t swallow, don’t give food or drink: use glucagon if it is available and call 911 or your local emergency number.
Common signs
Based on American Diabetes Association guidance. Your care team may give you a different plan, for example for children or after severe lows. Outside the US, call your local emergency number.