Blood sugar below 70 mg/dL? 15 g of fast sugar, recheck in 15 minutes. Unconscious or can’t swallow? Call 911Below 70? The 15-15 rule
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DESCRIPTION Non-ketosis prone hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to defects in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action. Accounts for 80% of diabetic cases. System(s) affected: Endocrine/Metabolic, Nervous, Renal/Urologic, Cardiovascular Genetics: Strong polygenic familial susceptibility. Concordance is nearly complete in identical
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Type 1 diabetes mellitus Other specific types of diabetes mellitus – Genetic defects of β -cell function – Genetic defects in insulin action – Diseases of exocrine pancreas – Endocrinopathies – Drug or chemical induced (see below) –
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APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE Regular outpatient follow-up except for complicating emergencies such as severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar coma, and severe infections GENERAL MEASURES Home monitoring of blood glucose Regular examination for complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy Diabetes is a high risk factor for
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DRUGS OF CHOICE The following classes of agents may be used alone or in combination. Sulfonylureas are generally used as initial treatment, but recent data suggest that metformin may be the preferred first medication in obese patients. If one drug
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Introduction Carla Janzen, MD, Jeffrey S. Greenspoon, MD, & Sue M. Palmer, MD Diabetes mellitus, a clinical syndrome characterized by deficiency of or insensitivity to insulin and exposure of organs to chronic hyperglycemia, is the most common medical complication of
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Deterioration of glucose tolerance occurs normally during pregnancy. Significant metabolic changes are necessary to provide proper energy delivery to the growing conceptus. Hormones associated with pregnancy such as human placental lactogen (HPL) and cortisol lower glucose levels, promote fat deposition,
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There are three ways to diagnose preexisting diabetes mellitus and each way must be confirmed by a follow-up test. Criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus include: (1) Symptoms of diabetes (polyuria, polydipsia, and/or unexplained weight loss) plus a casual plasma glucose
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The criteria for the diagnosis of GDM are based on the original work of O’Sullivan and Mahan and modified by Carpenter and Coustan (see section on Gestational Diabetes). Risk assessment for GDM is undertaken at the first prenatal visit. Women
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There is a need for more conclusive evidence on the benefits of vitamins and antioxidant nutrients in terms of protection from cardiovascular disease and general health benefits for the diabetic and non-diabetic population. Pharmacological doses of supplements are therefore not
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Salt The general population has been recommended to restrict intake of salt to 6 g/day. Normal intake in Northern Europe is twice this amount. Dietary sodium restriction can reduce systolic blood pressure in mild hypertension in Type 2 diabetes. However,
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There are a number of teaching systems available for meal planning but they are all subject to limitations. The emphasis should be on appropriate advice conveyed in the most appropriate way for a particular individual. There should not necessarily be
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Obesity is recognised as a leading cause of insulin resistance. It therefore contributes to the development of Type 2 diabetes. This is particularly true for a central distribution of body fat, associated with a range of metabolic disturbances. Weight management
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Free self-checks
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Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia can happen to anyone who takes insulin or certain diabetes tablets. Treat it straight away. If someone is confused, unconscious or can’t swallow, don’t give food or drink: use glucagon if it is available and call 911 or your local emergency number.
Common signs
Based on American Diabetes Association guidance. Your care team may give you a different plan, for example for children or after severe lows. Outside the US, call your local emergency number.